Red yeast rice component resembles lovastatin and may yield similar adverse events
Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice: assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance system
Literature - Mazzanti G, Moro PA, Raschi E et al., - British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. First published: 19 January 2017. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13171Background
Due to the regulatory status of dietary supplements, forbidding claims of therapeutic properties, they are marketed as self-medication products promoted to maintain and improve overall health. Their ‘natural’ components appears to induce a perception of safety by the general public, and the risk profile may be under-evaluated. However, a survey suggested that 23000 visits to the emergency department per year were related to the use of dietary supplements [1]. Other articles on adverse reactions (ARs) to dietary supplements and case reports also suggest that they are not automatically safe [2-5].
Red yeast rice (RYR, also known as ‘red Koji’ or ‘Hongqu’), originally used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, is also used as dietary supplement in Western countries. During fermenting of steamed rice with a food fungus (Monascus purpureus), monacolins are produced. As folk medicine it is recognised to improve food digestion and blood circulation [6].
Monacolins are a family of naturally occurring substances that inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The predominant form present in RYR is monacolin K, also known as mevinolin, which is chemically identical to lovastatin. Indeed, lipid-lowering effects of RYR have been described in humans, although particularly in comparison with placebo in patients intolerant to statins [7-11]. A dose of RYR containing about 5-7 mg of monacolin K is considered to have similar LDL-lowering efficacy as 20-40 mg of pure lovastatin, likely as a consequence of the presence of other active monacolins or to a higher bioavailability when given as RYR [10, 12, 13].
The safety profile of RYR is unclear, but suspected ARss such as myopathies and liver injury following RYR consumption have been reported. This study aimed to analyse these ARs induced by RYR products, spontaneous reports of which were collected in the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products, between April 2002 and September 2015. A multidisciplinary scientific expert committee was appointed for the evaluation of causality of the reports, based on the WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines in Pharmacovigilance Systems [14].
Main results
- Of 1261 reports in the analysed period, 52 (4.1%) concerned 55 suspected ARs to dietary supplements containing RYR, in 37 women and 14 men, between the ages of 35 and 85. The most commonly used products were Armolipid plus (55%), and Colestat (10%), which both contain other components besides RYR.
- Use of RYR preparations was for hypercholesterolaemia in all cases. Total daily dose of monacolin K was 3 mg in all but four reports.
- 14 cases (27%) experienced a serious reaction, 13 of which that required hospitalisation (serious hepatic reactions in 6 out of 10 cases).
- 20 reactions (36%) concerned ‘musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders’, according to the MEdDRA terminology, followed by 12 ‘gastrointestinal disorders’ (22%), 10 ‘hepatobiliary disorders’(18%), and 9 ‘skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders’(16%).
- Causality assessment yielded one ‘certain’, 31 probable reactions (56%), 18 possible (34%), 3 unlikely and 2 unassessable reactions.
- In the WHO-Vigibase, of 75 reports on dietary supplements with RYR as active substance, 22 reported myalgia, 7 reported muscle spasm, 7 chest pain, and 7 drug interactions, and rhabdomyolysis and pain in extremity and dizziness were each reported in 5 persons.
Reported cases are described in detail in the article
Conclusion
These observations raise the hypothesis that the safety profile of RYR is similar to synthetic statins, as myopathies, cutaneous reactions, gastrointestinal and liver reactions emerged as potential safety signals. Clinicians should be aware of the fact that monacolin K contained in RYR is identical to lovastatin. Therefore, early monitoring of liver function and signs of muscle injury should be considered, and self-medication with RYR should be discouraged, especially in those who previously experienced adverse reactions to statins.
References
1. Geller AI, Shehab N, Weidle NJ, et al. Emergency department visits for adverse events related
to dietary supplements. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1531–40.
2. Menniti-Ippolito F, Mazzanti G, Santuccio C, al. Surveillance of suspected adverse reactions to
natural health products in Italy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf2008; 17: 626–35.
3. Lee JY, Jun SA, Hong SS, et al. Systematic review of adverse effects from herbal drugs reported in
randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2016; 30: 1412–9.
4. Brown AC. Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 6. Food Chem Toxicol 2016. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.001.
5. Di Lorenzo C, Ceschi A, Kupferschmidt H, et al. Adverse effects of plant food supplements and botanical preparations: a systematic review with critical evaluation of causality. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79: 578–92.
6. Ma J, Li Y, Ye Q, et al. Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 5220–5.
7. Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Halbert SC, et al. Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 830–9.
8. Venero CV, Venero JV, Wortham DC, et al. Lipidlowering ef cacy of red yeast rice in a population intolerant to statins. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 664–6.
9. Moriarty PM, Roth EM, Karns A, et al. Effects of Xuezhikang in patients with dyslipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8: 568–75.
10. Heber D, Yip I, Ashley JM, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeastrice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 231–6.
11. Gonnelli S, Caffarelli C, Stolakis K, et al. Ef cacy and tolerability of a nutraceutical combination (red yeast rice, policosanols, and berberine) in patients with low-moderate risk hypercholesterolemia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 77: 1–6.
12. Gordon RY, Becker DJ. The role of red yeast rice for the physician. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13: 73–80.
13. Burke FM. Red yeast rice for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17: 495.
14. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Glass X, et al. Herbal hepatotoxicity: a critical review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75: 630–6.
Facebook Comments