Prof. Landmesser shows data that form the rationale behind new guideline recommendations, among which the lower LDL-c target for patients at very high risk.

Erin Bohula explains which determinants of residual CV risk we nowadays know and presents study results on how to target these.

Prof. Steg presents data of the ODYSSEY Outcomes trial in specific subgroups of ACS patients that benefit most from alirocumab therapy, and discusses the effect of this PCSK9 inhibitor by baseline Lp(a) levels.

In individuals of the Danish general population, high levels of Lp(a) as a consequence of low LPA KIV-2 number of repeats, were associated with high risk of mortality, in particular CV mortality.

ESC 2019 The guidelines emphasize that the absolute LDL-C reduction drives the clinical benefit. Evidence suggests a benefit of treating earlier, which may mean less intensive therapy in the longer-term.

Lp(a) meeting Prof. Marcovina emphasizes the importance of considering apo(a) size polymorphism when measuring Lp(a) levels in patients and discusses the Lp(a) Standardization Program.

Lp(a) meeting Existing clinical LDL-c assays cannot distinguish LDL-c from Lp(a)-c. Dr. Yeang discusses how Lp(a)-c is included in LDL-c measurements and what the clinical impact of measuring Lp(a)-c can be.

Lp(a) meeting Pia Kamstrup shares data of two general population studies that reveal the effects of elevated Lp(a) levels on CV events, and effects of Lp(a) risk genotypes, which are consistent with Lp(a) being a causal risk factor for CVD.

Lp(a) meeting Prof. Tsimikas discusses the phase 2 apo(a)-LRx trial that evaluated Lp(a) lowering with an antisense oligonucleotide and presents NHLBI recommendations on Lp(a) lowering.

Long-term, large study in EPIC-Norfolk cohort finds association of apoB/apoA-I ratio with the risk of aortic valve stenosis incidence, and shows that lp(a) is an independent risk factor for AVS.

Lp(a) meeting Small isoforms of Lp(a) are associated with high Lp(a) concentrations and increased CVD risk. The team of Kronenberg discovered a mutation in the Kringle-IV type 2 region of Lp(a), which has a modifying effect on Lp(a) levels and CVD risk.

Lp(a) meeting Elisa Waldmann shows prospective data on reduced CV event rates after regular Lp(a) apheresis in patients with high baseline Lp(a) levels and emphasizes the need of randomized controlled data.