Anticoagulation reversal in patients with acute bleeding during oral factor Xa inhibitor therapy
Andexanet alfa specifically binds and sequesters factor Xa inhibitors. A study investigated the efficacy and safety of andexanet alfa in patients on edoxaban with acute major bleeding.
Andexanet Alfa for Specific Anticoagulation Reversal in Patients with Acute Bleeding during Treatment with EdoxabanLiterature - Benz AP, Xu L, Eikelboom JW et al. - Thromb Haemost. 2022 Jan 7. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1740180.
Introduction and methods
Background
Patients on anticoagulant therapy who experience acute bleeding, such as an intracranial hemorrhage, need rapid and specific anticoagulation reversal to restore hemostasis [1-3]. Andexanet alfa (andexanet) specifically binds and sequesters factor Xa inhibitors [4-5]. It is approved for specific anticoagulation reversal in patients on rivaroxaban and apixaban with life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. There is limited data on the efficacy and safety of andexanet in patients with acute major bleeding on edoxaban.
Aim of the study
This prospective, single-arm cohort study assessed the efficacy and safety of andexanet in 36 patients with acute major bleeding on edoxaban.
Methods
36 patients (mean age was 81.5 years, 61.1% were male and 91.7% with AF as primary indication for oral anticoagulation) with acute major bleeding within 18 hours of edoxaban intake were included in this study.
Patients received a bolus of andexanet and a subsequent follow-on infusion over 2 hours. The dosing regiment depended on the dosage and time of the last edoxaban dose. Patients who had received an >30 mg or unknown dose of edoxaban within<8 hours or unknown time received an andexanet bolus of 800 mg and follow-on infusion of 960 mg. Patients who had received ≤30 mg of edoxaban within <8 hours or unknown time and patients who had received their last dose of edoxaban ≥8 hours before received an andexanet bolus of 400 mg and a follow-on infusion of 480 mg.
Efficacy was analyzed in two different populations: 1) Patients with confirmed major bleeding and baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥40 ng/mL (n=28) and 2) Patients with confirmed major bleeding and baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥75 ng/mL (n=20). Safety was analyzed in all patients (n=36).
Outcomes
The co-primary efficacy outcomes were median percent change in antifactor Xa activity from baseline to end of andexanet bolus and the percentage of patients achieving excellent or good hemostasis at 12 hours after treatment with andexanet according to criteria adapted from [6]. Hemostatic efficacy was reviewed by an independent endpoint adjudication committee.
Safety outcomes were thrombotic events (MI, stroke, TIA, DVT, PE, and SE) and death up until 30 days after andexanet treatment.
Main results
Efficacy outcome: Median percent change in antifactor Xa activity
- Median antifactor Xa activity decreased by 68.9% (95%CI 56.1-77.7%) in patients with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥40 ng/mL (from 121.1 ng/mL [IQR: 70.3-202.4] at baseline to 24.0 ng/mL [IQR: 17.7-83.7] at the end of the andexanet bolus).
- In patients with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥75 ng/mL, median antifactor Xa activity decreased by 69.2% (95%CI 25.5-80.2%; from 160.5 ng/mL [IQR: 106.2-222.2] at baseline to 50.9 ng/mL [IQR: 19.9-119.4] at the end of the andexanet bolus).
Efficacy outcome: Percentage of patients achieving excellent or good hemostasis
- In patients with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥40 ng/mL, 78.6% (95%CI 59.0-91.7%) of patients overall and 81.8% (95%CI 59.7-94.8%) of patients with intracranial hemorrhage achieved excellent hemostasis at 12 hours after andexanet treatment. No patients achieved good hemostasis.
- In patients with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥75 ng/mL, 75.0% (95%CI 50.9-91.3%) of patients overall and 81.3% (95%CI 54.4-96.0%) of patients with intracranial hemorrhage achieved excellent hemostasis.
Safety outcome
- A total of four patients experienced a thrombotic event within 30 days after andexanet treatment. Two patients had an ischemic stroke, one patient a TIA and one patients had DVT and PE.
- Four patients died within 30 days (Of note: none of those who died experienced a thrombotic event after andexanet treatment).
Conclusion
Andexanet decreased median antifactor Xa activity in patients on edoxaban with an acute major bleeding. Excellent hemostasis at 12 hours after andexanet administration was achieved in 78.6% of patients with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥40 ng/mL and in 75.0% with baseline antifactor Xa activity ≥75 ng/mL.
Thrombotic events and deaths at 30 days after andexanet treatment occurred at a similar rate compared to patients on other oral factor Xa inhibitors who received andexanet for acute bleeding [5].
References
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2. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Lancet 2014;383(9921):955–962
3. Steiner T, Weitz JI, Veltkamp R. Anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage in the era of reversal agents. Stroke 2017;48(05):1432–1437
4. Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity.NEngl J Med 2015;373(25):2413–2424
5. Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, et al; ANNEXA-4 Investigators. Full study report of andexanet alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2019;380(14):1326–1335
6. Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation 2013;128(11):1234–1243