BP response to exercise is exaggerated in hypertensives with controlled resting BP
Antihypertensive Treatment Fails to Control Blood Pressure During Exercise
Literature - Chant B, Bakali M, Hinton T, et al. - Hypertension 2018;72:102-109Introduction and Methods
In individuals with hypertension, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) rises extremely during exercise, which increases their risk of CV morbidity and mortality [1]. Metaboreflex, the group IV afferents in the skeletal muscle, mediates the exaggerated response of sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure (BP) to exercise, but it is not clear whether antihypertensive medication has an effect on metaboreflex, and on the BP response to exercise [2,3].
In this case-control study, the BP response to incremental exercise testing and metaboreflex activation was evaluated in hypertensive compared with normotensive individuals. For this purpose, 59 participants were recruited, out of which 16 were normotensive, and 43 were hypertensive. Out of participants with hypertension, 16 were treated and controlled, 16 were treated but uncontrolled, and 11 were untreated.
All participants were matched for age, body mass index, and CV fitness. CV fitness was measured by a volume of oxygen inspired (Vo2) peak test, assessed by an incremental exercise test on an upright cycle ergometer. The metaboreflex was assessed using post-exercise ischemia (PEI) 1 minute after isometric handgrip exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction.
Main results
- At peak exercise, the SBP increases were similar in treated–controlled, treated–uncontrolled, and untreated hypertensives, but significantly higher compared with normotensive individuals (all P values <0.0001).
- The increase in absolute SBP per minute of the Vo2 peak test (ΔSBP/min) was similar in treated–controlled (8±1 mmHg; P=0.019), treated–uncontrolled (8±1 mmHg; P=0.002), and untreated hypertensives (8±1 mmHg; P=0.023), but significantly higher compared with normotensive individuals (5±1 mmHg).
- The diastolic BP response to exercise was similar to the results found for SBP.
- At peak Vo2, the absolute HR increase was higher in untreated hypertensives compared with normotensive individuals (P=0.011) and treated-uncontrolled hypertensives (P=0.001).
- The absolute HR increase was also higher in the treated–controlled hypertensives compared with the treated–uncontrolled hypertensives (P=0.003), and the normotensive individuals (P=0.037).
- During PEI, the treated–controlled, treated–uncontrolled, and untreated hypertensive groups had a larger SBP increase compared with normotensive individuals (P<0.0001, P=0.087, and P=0.0004).
Conclusion
BP responses to exercise are similar in patients with treated–controlled hypertension, patients with treated but uncontrolled and untreated hypertension, but higher compared with normotensive individuals, which explains why hypertensive patients on antihypertensive treatment with controlled resting BP are at higher risk of CV events. These data suggest that antihypertensive medications do not favorably influence the BP response to exercise, even though they control resting SBP.
Editorial comment
In his editorial article, Raven [4] acknowledges the work of Chant et al. and discusses the pathophysiology behind the limited control of BP response to exercise by antihypertensive medications. He focuses on the lack of central nitric oxide in hypertensive patients that is necessary to avoid exaggerated BP increase during exercise, and he concludes with a question: ‘Is it possible that investigations into rescuing central NO to buffer the increased central sympathetic nerve activity outflow of the hypersensitive exercise pressor reflex will prove more translational and beneficial for correcting exercise induced hypertension, rather than investigating a multitude of specific mechanisms that are collectively identified as functional sympatholysis?’
References
1. Mundal R, Kjeldsen SE, Sandvik L, et al. Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 1996;27(3 pt 1):324–329.
2. Delaney EP, Greaney JL, Edwards DG, et al. Exaggerated sympathetic and pressor responses to handgrip exercise in older hypertensive humans: role of the muscle metaboreflex. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299:H1318–H1327.
3. Vongpatanasin W, Wang Z, Arbique D, et al. Functional sympatholysis is impaired in hypertensive humans. J Physiol. 2011;589(pt 5):1209–1220.
4. Raven PB. Antihypertensive Treatment Fails to Control Blood Pressure During Exercise. Hypertension 2018;72:63-64.
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